1) transformer works by magnetic cross induction from one coil to the adjacent coil 2) the core is laminated to reduce Eddie currents which in turn cause heat and power loss 3) faults in the transmission line are breaks, shorts, and grounds caused by a variety of different circumstances from corona to failing insulator to downed lines 4) resistivity of a wire depends on the material it is made of its length and the ability to keep it at a very cool temperature