I received a schematic and I was asked to explain it

What do you do if you need to transition an analog signal from 12Vpp to a 5V microcontroller input? What is the rising time of a signal of 15% Duty Cycle and a frequency of 20kHz? What is an ADC? What types of ADCs do you know? What is the nyquist theorem? What did you do in your last job? What improvements did you do in your last job? Is it important to document your work and why? What design considerations you need to pick a component? What do you need to consider to pick a design over other? answer: time, cost, temperature, voltage, frequency, current consumption